Theories of Crime free essay sample

Theories of Crime Javier Bryon AIU Online Abstract There are many theories that attempt to explain criminal behavior. Social theories indicate that interaction with other individuals and environment are factors that contribute to criminal behavior. Many argue that social factors alone cannot be the only cause to criminal behavior, but peer pressure and rationalization are powerful tools of behavior modification. Theories of Crime Crime theories can vary greatly. A lot of people think that poverty or social status is a major factor on criminal behavior. Others believe that is embedded in human beings to be born with evil therefore we are attracted to crime. Bottom line is deterrence cannot be achieved unless the underlining cause for criminal behavior is found. Social Control Theory The social control theory does not ask the question â€Å"what makes people to commit a crime? † It bases its belief on the assumption that people are thought from a very young age between right and wrong. Social interaction is the key for the theory; humans are thought since birth the rules of society. Parents at home, and teachers in schools, are both the primary tutors of the upbringing of social behavior. According to Williams amp; McShane (2010), â€Å"Theories of social control all rely on social factors to explain how people are restrained from acting in ways harmful to others. † The strengths behind this theory is that social behavior is an immense factor when dealing with criminal behavior. If parents did not teach their children that taking candy from a store without paying was bad, then can we really blame that child for taking the candy? But on the other hand we do have those parents that carved good morals, and taught their kids right from wrong, but the children still committed criminal acts. This theory does have a lot of weight on criminal behavior because without proper socialization individuals are more prone to be confused about what is right and what is wrong. Strain Theory The strain theory envisions that society shares common goals and values. It theorizes that some of those goals are usually material in nature, like owning a house, or a nice car. However because not all members of society are in the same economic or social status, not everyone can achieve these goals in their life. A good example is how the United States developed the image of the â€Å"American Dream†. It did not matter where you came from, or your social status, in the United States that person could achieve economic success. Now this might not be true for every single individual in the United States, therefore those individuals that cannot achieve their goals are pushed by society to commit crimes in order to fulfill economic status. There are particular strengths within this theory, like the fact that society persuades individuals that without material possessions there is no success, and therefore individuals might feel pressured to achieve this by all means necessary, including committing criminal acts. The main weakness on the theory is the almost nonexistent notion that all humans have free will; all individuals regardless of the motive can choose not to commit a crime. Differential Association Theory The differential association theory was first proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland in 1939. This theory has major social impact, just like the strain and social control theories. This theory departs from the belief that individuals inherit the criminal behavior from passed on genes, attributing the behavior to social interaction. The main focus of the theory is that criminal behavior is learned from criminal to criminal. Through these social interaction criminals learned, techniques, motives, and expand their crimes to other realms of crime. On the second edition of Principles of Criminology Sutherland (1934, pp. 1-52) stated, â€Å"First, any person can be trained to adopt and follow any pattern of behavior which he is able to execute. Second, failure to follow a prescribed pattern of behavior is due to the inconsistencies and lack of harmony in the influences which direct the individual. Third, the conflict of cultures is therefore the fundamental principle in the explanation of crime. † Therefore this theory rejects any notion that criminal beh avior is insidious to human beings and only through association with other criminals the criminal is made. This is particularly he weakness in the theory since it does not express how a criminal that has no communication or association with other criminals came to have that behavior. On the other hand it is probable that by association with criminals, the chances of that individual complying with criminal behavior and give in to peer pressure are very likely. Neutralization Theory The neutralization theory debates whether humans are rational animals. The basis for the theory comes from researching juveniles. The juveniles that participated on the research showed that they all hold conventional morals and values. They all grew up knowing that stealing is wrong, as well as killing, and so on. The theory finds it that these individuals find every single behavior unacceptable, unless they can justify their actions. In their minds this individuals find rationalizations or excuses that neutralizes their guilt before they become involve in to that particular criminal behavior. The fixation to find excuses that justify their actions is what Sykes and Matza referred as â€Å"techniques of neutralization†. The individuals usually appeal to typical behaviors like putting the blame on someone else, or blame peer pressure. This typical behavior is very common and the catch to the theory is that the rationalization comes first, and then the crime, individuals do this to act in a free of guilt conscience while attempting the crime. The strength behind the theory is that this is very commonly seen in juveniles, and usually they get their rationalizations from older individuals that influence them or coerce them in to the criminal behavior. The weakness behind the theory is that the rationalization comes before the crime; therefore the crime is well planned and thought putting all the responsibility on the offender. Jared Lee Laughner Possible Motives Mr. Laughner was twenty four years old when he pleaded guilty to 19 charges of murder and attempted murder. Between those injured was U. S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords, his intended target, he killed six people in the process including Chief U. S. District Court Judge John Roll, as well as a nine year old girl. Before the shooting friends of Laughner say that his personality had changed several years before the shooting. They account for alcohol abuse and drugs. He had been expelled from college for bizarre ttitudes in class. Laughner had a very normal childhood and there is no reason to think of any abuse. The theory that best describes Laughner behavior would be the differential association theory that is if you take the mental issues he might have. He gained knowledge from the media mostly internet research and by communicating hos thoughts through youtube. The theory explains that the knowledge is learned from criminal to criminal and in this case it was not per say from person to person but indirectly by internet or media searches. That theory would be the best choice to explains the motives he had behind the horrific shooting. Conclusion All these theories explain specific issues that arise when dealing with criminal behavior. They all have their key points and weaknesses. In my opinion they cover very basic concepts and we cannot help but wonder what else can explain if not biological or psychological theories special cases like Laughner? We should never consider only one theory but a combination of them in order to try to understand how the criminal mind works. References Williams III, F. P. amp; McShane, M. D. (2010). Criminological theory (5th ed. ). (Online version). Retrieved from AIU Online Virtual Campus. Theories of Crime Causation: CRJS105-1204A:01 website. The Week (2012). 9 things we’ve learned about Jared Lee Loughner. Retrieved from http://theweek. com/article/index/211108/9-things-weve-learned-about-jared-lee-loughner Agnew, R. (1994). The Techniques of Neutralization and Violence. Criminology. 32, 555-580. Matza, D. amp; Sykes, Gresham  (1961). Juvenile Delinquency and Subterranean Values. American Sociological Review. 26(5). 712-719.

Why Almost Everything Youve Learned About Lessons Learned Essay Topics Is Wrong and What You Should Know

Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Lessons Learned Essay Topics Is Wrong and What You Should Know Where to Find Lessons Learned Essay Topics You likely have lots of great qualities which make you an amazing person and employee. The point is, groups of animals are less inclined to turn into the casualty of predators. Adding value to other people is the sole approach to receive their buy-in. Students who exceed the top word limit might be penalised. At the time that your shoulds have turned into musts, then you are prepared for change. It doesn't shy nice on the job you're applying for. It worked pretty well, as then we'd concentrate on the angry behavior rather than the issue he was avoiding. However difficult it is to parent a child with behavior problems, give them an opportunity to contribute. Introducing Lessons Learned Essay Topics When you compose an essay body paragraph, you must remember two points. Repeat as needed until you discover a book you truly love. From first grade onwards, there'll be some point at which children must go over everything they've learned. Yes, it may be difficult to track down superior article subjects but in addition writing the paper isn't in any way challenging. One's true worth isn't determined by her or his net worth. Happiness isn't for sale. Ultimately you will understand that life's best gifts are rarely wrapped the way that you anticipated. Life is going to be a good deal more fun in the long term, trust me. Things You Won't Like About Lessons Learned Essay Topics and Things You Will You have to experience growth. In a position like an employee in a phosphate plant you might not have the ability to observe why you would require literacy to do your job, but I have an argument for it. Ecosystems only thrive whenever there is balance. Focus on those of us supporting and encouraging you to be courageous and to differ. Literacy is important in all degrees of employment. Your financial support can create a huge difference for a young person fighting to pay for a college education on account of the loss of a parent or guardian. Reading and writing aren't the only ways which people are rated on their literacy. Essays could be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples before publication. Producing an exemplification essay includes acquiring prior understanding about a particular topic to have the ability to support a main thesis with facts and data while within the form of examples. The Appeal of Lessons Learned Essay Topics Since you can see it's important to get a standard or an authority most of us use for measuring. You can't change others, but you must have your actions before it's possible to change yourself. The actions have to go assessed by the reason or maybe the very best self of the individual. Cultivate a great work ethic. The Fundamentals of Lessons Learned Essay Topics That You Will be Able to Benefit From Beginning Right Away Getting honest with yourself is an excellent life lesson but one which is frequently the mos t hard fought. Life doesn't work like that. Reality won't be afraid to step in and make certain you learn what's wrong from right. Your subconscious is a strong thing. You can't alter the past, therefore it's important to concentrate on the present. Someday you are going to be confronted with the reality of loss. Whatever you're thinking or experiencing in a specific time in life isn't specific to you. The History of Lessons Learned Essay Topics Refuted All experiences are essential. Among the most dreaded pieces of school life must be the class test. 1 hard earned lesson came at the time of sixteen, the age when all of us feel we've reached adulthood. You're not in competition with other people. Schools are essential portion of the society. Whereas, students can do whatever they wish to do when they're surrounded by their buddies. College students are often overrun when asked to create work that's crucial. The majority of the students are worried when they opt to join college as they are leaving their comfort and family members.

The Psychology of Language Example Paper Topics

The Psychology of Language Example Paper TopicsWith psychology of language being a growing and important area of study, it is only natural to see a wide variety of psychological research and testing techniques related to the issue. There are many ways to approach the problem of how best to go about developing new techniques that will enhance the psychological abilities of people, and using psychology of language is just one such method.One way of approaching the problem is to use example paper topics designed to encourage children to write in their native language, and then compare how they fare with children from an English-speaking country who are not fluent in the same language. Often the children do well, but it is clear that they lack fluency in their own language. The problem is that they have not been exposed to examples in the language they have chosen for their test subjects.Another method is to use a series of puzzle or test questions designed to be word puzzles, but which are designed to be solved in terms of the language of the test subject. They can then be translated into their native language. Using such puzzles enables children to learn to read and speak fluently, but it does not train them to function in their native language. On the other hand, the process of learning to read and speak in the first place does not take long.The person who designs the tests should make sure that they reflect the need for such instruction. For example, if a test is designed for children with learning difficulties, the question may be one that appear simple to adults but are quite complex to the child, and so they will struggle to solve it.An international test of linguistic abilities could also be developed. The whole idea behind this test is that people in different countries can take part in it, and some can even do better than others. This would then be compared with the results of previous tests which measured native English speaking ability.Another route to follow is to use example paper topics that include both positive and negative statements. This can often give clues as to whether the person applying for a position is likely to succeed in it. It could also help to determine whether an applicant would be accepted by a company.There are many websites that offer examples paper topics that are used for teaching, and some of these have been adapted for educational purposes. Others are merely examples of how the topic could be used in a practical situation.Most of the information can be found online. Teachers can also try out the subject of the psychology of language for themselves by using the literature in a practical way by making a lesson plan and then taking a look at the examples available for use on the Internet.

Lies Youve Been Told About Similarities Between Popular Press Articles and Research Papers

Lies You've Been Told About Similarities Between Popular Press Articles and Research Papers All About Similarities Between Popular Press Articles and Research Papers While it has quite a familiary side-by-side comparison of the 2 documents, in the center there's a Web diagram that illustrates where the similar citations are available. Charts and graphs illustrating the outcomes are generally included. Figure 6 gives a comprehensive picture of nanoparticle research all over the world. You have to select a recent topic whilst doing a research study. It doesn't report original research. In case the studies have done in a perfect direction, then you will get the desired outcomes. It must have been completed within the last 12 months. Articles may also vary based on the kind of information that they present. The procedure helps to ensure that articles are appropriate to a specific journal and they have the maximum quality. Material Science is in reality the 2nd favourite research area with slight difference of only 1 paper. The author should think about the subject and determine the intent of writing. For example, you can compare two works of exactly the same author. You're not required to compose a thesis if you're doing a master's degree. As a way to be a robust and beneficial writer, it's critical that you know when to use every one of the little pieces that go into each writing style. You will need to pre plan a research strategy from the start. Tell your audience why you made a decision to work on this kind of assignment and also talk about the option of the authors. The significance of the term thesis usually means a lengthy bit of writing on a specific subject that's done to make a degree at a university. List your objective at the start. The Debate Over Similarities Between Popular Press Articles and Research Papers You should incorporate the list of references at the close of the dissertation. Generally, references' arrangement has a connection with a large reach of research objectives. This point can help you in writing an exceptional dissertation. These points can help you in writing Research Paper in a thorough way. The Do's and Don'ts of Similarities Between Popular Press Articles and Research Papers Some can find them simpler to write since you don't require a whole knowledge of the subject issue. Personal thoughts of the author and perception s of the reading audience could be included. The man or woman isn't attempting to explore a research question but presenting his viewpoint. The student is anticipated to provide facts that back up her perspective, and outside of English, it's the student's capability to discover such facts and use them to support her viewpoint which is being assessed. The info is restructured to supply a distinctive viewpoint of the writer. You have to pick a topic in which you are in possession of a good expertise, and you're able to set your additional inputs. Once you have introduced the topic, begin the comparison of the 2 subjects you have selected. You've got to relate to the specific topic you're working on. With print resources, there are frequently visual indicators that may help readers determine the essence of a publication. Some differences are, by way of example, layout, language and dependability. Although both kinds are quite popular, there are several differences between them. When there are differences between them both, there are likewise some similarities. They've a pre-defined kind of content which should be followed accordingly. But, it may take a while to adjust to the differences between both, and there are particular rules that you have to adapt to. In addition, it explains the present condition of the item. For instance, a press release has a particular structure to be followed.

What Are The Essay Sample on Syrian Refugees Coming Into the United States in Fiscal Year 2020?

What Are The Essay Sample on Syrian Refugees Coming Into the United States in Fiscal Year 2020?The challenges facing our nation regarding Syrian refugees, this does not reflect poorly on anyone. However, it does reflect poorly on our country's leadership to leave such issues as these up to the voters to decide upon, in a time of war. This is especially true with regards to social issues that are just as important as national security when making difficult decisions like this.When we do not know what the consequences of a vote on this issue might be, I feel it is our duty to ask the voters the next time the question of open borders arises. We have not learned enough yet to be able to tell the Syrian refugees coming into the United States in fiscal year 2020. Are they, as is often stated, 'cheaper' than Americans who are willing to sacrifice? Is there something else that is being talked about, which is hiding from us?So much of this whole subject has been made up on the internet, blogs and even Fox News with little regard for how the actual media covered it. As you can see from the list of 'demographics' or 'countries' mentioned above, there are many different 'ethnicities' out there. There are some immigrants that seem to enjoy America, or at least we believe they do, because they have not been here long.Are we really so afraid of them, because they do not have a history of immigrating into the United States, that we will shut our doors and refuse entry to their relatives? How is that beneficial to America? No one can answer these questions, but it appears that the political class is not doing very well politically these days, which is actually saying something.Since so many have been killed in Syria by the radical Islamic terrorists, have we really taken the side of human rights? The answer is not without cause, because in the first place the future of America and our own people are at stake here.Please consider all this in 2020. Please consider it, and let's c onsider it again in a few years from now, and again, until the overall picture becomes clear. For now, I will say this.With regard to the Syrian refugees coming into the United States in fiscal year 2020, we must ask the question. We must call our representatives who are accountable for their decisions, to stop allowing the facts to become clouded with doubt.

Macro environment case of hilton Essay Example

Macro environment case of hilton Paper Today this program works in more than 3500 hotels, has 50 airline partners and gives an opportunity to its members to earn both miles or point for stay. The Honors has three levels of membership: gold, silver and black with different upgraded system of rewards. Also the members can use the rewards in golf, cruises, entertainment parks, car rentals, shopping and dining (www. Businesspeople. About. Com). 2. Price elasticity, demand and revenue Before starting to talk about price elasticity, demand, revenue and the elations between them, it is necessary to explain the definition of each of them. According to Boston (2014: presentation) price can be inelastic or elastic, so inelastic means that a 1 % change in the price of a good or service has less than 1 % change on the quantity of supply or demand. Logically, the elastic price means that price change of 1 % causes more than 1 % change in the quantity demanded or supplied. Basically, most of goods and services in the world are elastic as far as they are not unique and can be replaced by similar product with best price for the customer. To calculate the price elasticity of demand the next formula is using: percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by percentage change in the price. The demand from economic point of view is not a need or want of customers to buy a product or service, but they willingness and ability to do so, taking into account the price of the good. We will write a custom essay sample on Macro environment case of hilton specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macro environment case of hilton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macro environment case of hilton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If the consumers do not have enough money to purchase the product of service, no matter how much they need it they will not buy it. This is the core connection between price, its elasticity and demand (Hughes, 1986). The revenue of the company is all amount of money that organization has earned during the year (month, decade), which is calculated by multiplying the price per one unit to the number of goods were sold (homeowners. Com). As it can be noticed, the revenue has a direct link with price and demand, because the revenue depends from these two statements (sold units, increasing or decreasing price, demand, etc. . For example, Hilton has stable prices for the hotels (they are not increasing) and their revenue increased on 4. 4 % from 2012 to 2013 (see Graph 1) (www. Finance. Yahoo. Com). The reason can be in price elastic, simply because there a lot international hotel chains Argentina the same customers with better price, so Hilton can not increase the price per room. Graph 1 Hilton Worldwide Revenue 3. Macroeconomic theory for decision-making There are two main types of economic: macro- and microeconomic. Microeconomic studies individuals and businesses, their performance on the market and the influence of the government. However, the macroeconomic is about economic performance on market from national and global perspectives (www. Miff. Org). The number of macroeconomic theories has been increasing through the history of business existing, but there are two main questions in any of this theories: what, how and for whom the goods are produced and identifying the clinometers and social interest. So today we have such theories like classical economics, the developer of which was Adam Smith with a main idea of flexible prices ensure market equilibrium; Keynesian economics with an answer to the mass unemployment situation of the Great Depression Of 1 sass; another well-known theories are called IS-ELM Analysis, aggregate Analysis, monetarism and new classical economic. According to new classical economic theory the quantity demand influence on he price changing, generally speaking, higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded. The company corporate team has to set the prices that provide the best revenue, taking into account the produced units of goods (www. Amasses. Com). Double Tree by Hilton also uses this economic theory for price and produced amount decision. The company forecasts to open optimum amount of 40 new properties worldwide, not more in order to avoid the extra supplying, and not less, according to the companys market research for the future demand and tourists streams in the chosen destinations.

Animals in Cosmetic Testing Essays

Animals in Cosmetic Testing Essays Animals in Cosmetic Testing Paper Animals in Cosmetic Testing Paper Every year, millions of animals suffer and die at the hands of scientists who perform outdated and inaccurate tests that prove no benefit to humans or animals whatsoever. Before these animals die, they are routinely burned, scalded, poisoned, starved, given electric shocks, addicted to drugs, subjected to near freezing temperatures, dosed with radioactive elements and driven insane. They are deliberately inflicted with diseases such as cancer, diabetes, oral infections, stomach ulcers, syphilis, herpes, and AIDS. Their eyes are surgically removed; their brains and spinal cords damaged, and their bones broken. The use of anesthesia is not mandated by law, and consequently, it is rarely administered. Cosmetics companies attempt to justify all of this cruelty by claiming that the tests are performed to determine the possible dangers of cosmetics for human use. Substances such as eye shadow and soap are tested on rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, and other animals, despite the fact that the test results do not help prevent or treat human illness or injury at all. Experimentation on live animals, or vivisection began as early as the 17th century. During that time period, Philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) rejected Philosopher Rene Descartes theory that animals are not able to reason and therefore do not feel pain and suffering. Bentham held that living creatures can suffer and enjoy and that their inability to reason is irrelevant to the moral issue of how animals should be treated. Benthams philosophy on animals was: The question is not, can they reason? nor, can they talk?, but, can they suffer? The practice of testing cosmetics on animals began in 1933, soon after a woman used Lash Lure mascara to darken her lashes. The womans eyes first burned, then she went blind, and eventually died. Because of this incident, the Food and Drug Administration passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (which supported the use of animals in cosmetic research) in 1938 to protect the public from unsafe cosmetics. Cosmetics are not required to be tested on animals and since alternatives exist it is hard to understand why some companies continue to use these types of tests. Cosmetic companies kill millions of animals every year in the quest to improve their profit margin. According to the companies that perform these tests maintain that they are done to establish the safety of a product and the ingredients. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which regulates cosmetic products, does not require animal testing. Among many others, some of the tests used on animals are eye irritancy tests, acute toxicity tests, and skin irritancy tests. In eye irritancy tests, a liquid, flake, granule, or powdered substance is dropped into the eyes of a group of albino rabbits. The animals are often immobilized in stocks from which only their heads protrude and they usually receive no anesthesia during the tests. After placing the substance into the rabbit’s eyes, lab technicians record the damage to the eye tissue at specific intervals over an average period of 72 hours. The tests sometimes last between seven and eighteen days. Reactions to the substances can include swollen eyelids, ulceration, bleeding, swollen irises massive deterioration, and blindness. During the tests, rabbits eyelids are usually held open with clips, because of this, many animals break their necks as they attempt to escape. Acute toxicity tests, commonly called lethal dose or poisoning tests, determine the amount of a substance that will kill a percentage, even up to one-hundred percent, of a group of test animals. In these tests, a substance is forced by tube into the animal’s stomach or through holes cut in their throats. Experimenters observe the animal’s reactions which can include convulsions, labored breathing, malnutrition, skin eruptions, and bleeding from the eyes, nose, or mouth. The test was developed in 1927 and the testing continues until at least fifty percent of the animals die (this usually takes 2-4 weeks). Like eye irritancy tests, lethal dose tests are unreliable and have too many variables to have a constant result. Skin irritancy tests are conducted on rabbits, guinea pigs and other animals. The process involves placing chemicals on the animal’s raw, shaved skin and covering the skin with adhesive plaster. The animals are immobilized in restraining devices to prevent them from struggling. Meanwhile, laboratory workers apply the chemicals which burn into the animal’s skin. Despite all of this pain and suffering on the animal’s part, not a single disease has been cured through vivisection in this century. The overall adult cancer rate has risen in the past 40 years and a fatal heart attack strikes a person every 45 seconds. The Centers for Disease Control estimate that 70-80% of the common diseases killing humans are preventable given a responsible diet and lifestyle. 40-50% of the animals used in experiments come from companies who breed these animals for just this purpose. The remaining animals come from animal shelters, the free to good home ads in the newspaper, some from unsuspecting people who allow their animals to become pregnant, or even worse, some have been stolen directly from their own front yard. Imagine your pet one day being crammed into a cage no larger the average refrigerator with ten other animals waiting to die like approximately 20-100 million other animals do each year. Alternatives to cosmetic testing are less expensive and generally more reliable to perform. Animals have different biological systems than humans therefore the tests can’t be as accurate as the animal free tests. Some alternatives include cell cultures, tissue cultures, corneas from eye banks, and sophisticated computer and mathematical models. Companies can also devise a formula using ingredients already proven safe by the Food and Drug Administration. Most cruelty-free companies use a combination of methods to ensure the safety of a product. Lobbying by animal welfare groups has resulted in federal, state, and local legislation severely restricting animal experimentation. For example, under the Animal welfare act, all animals used in biomedical research must be bought from vendors licensed by the Department of Agriculture. The Department of Agriculture inspects laboratories where animals are used and enforces federal laws regarding treatment and care of the animals. Biomedical scientists have also taken action to prevent the abuse of the animals, mostly because abused animals may not provide reliable data. The Physiological Society, the National Institutes of Health, and many other scientific organizations have joined forces to lay down guidelines for the use and treatment of experimental animals. Now, there are also many universities with animal welfare committees. In countless surveys, it has been found that most people are against the use of animals in cosmetic testing. Hundreds of companies have responded by switching to animal-friendly test methods. To help put an end to animal testing, people can stop buying products that were tested on animals. You can also call and write to these companies, or write to your local government representative about the alternatives that can be used. Just weeks ago, the European Union (EU) moved closer to an agreement that would enforce a ban on the use of animal testing to develop beauty products in the EU. Negotiators for the EUs 15 national governments and the European Parliament reached a compromise that would introduce the ban in 2009, giving cosmetics companies’ ample time to find and implement alternative ways of testing. The ban will cover animal tests in Europe and also calls for a ban on imports of cosmetics produced outside the bloc that have been tested on animals. The compromise still needs to be approved by the full European Parliament and ministers from the 15 nations. While this sort of action takes us one step closer to banning animal testing outright, it is a long and painstaking process. More drastic measures must be implemented if we are going to wipe out the suffering of animals at the hands of scientists and researchers. More emphasis must be put on hard line tactics, and harsher penalties must be enforced for those who subject animals to any treatment that contravenes the global Animal Cruelty Act. Sophisticated alternatives to the use of animals in consumer product testing are readily available. For example, Skintex, an in-vitro method assesses skin irritancy uses pumpkin rind to mimic the reaction of a foreign substance on human skin. Skintex can measure 5,000 different materials, so there is no excuse for companies. Most of the large producers of personal care and household products could adopt these methods which are more cost effective, better predictors of human injury, produce far quicker results, and do not involve animal cruelty. There are two main reasons most companies do not take a cruelty-free stance; the fear for human safety and the fear of product liability suits. We as consumers can help our animals by purchasing only products that have not been tested on animals. By changing your shopping habits a bit, it is easy to become a caring and conscientious consumer. When you shop, look for products that say Cruelty-free or not tested on animals. This time tomorrow there will be approximately 275,000 animals dead that were not dead today. The numbers are real and this is happening in our world every day merely because it is a multi-billion dollar income for some people and is legal in most countries. The National Institutes of Health, the world’s largest recipient of funds used for research, must be pushed to fund more preventative programs and human based research. The problem that we are faced with today is not a difficult one to fix. The technology is available for us to use and we should take advantage of our superior alternate methods.